Fan, Compressors, and Turbine Elements

Fans, Compressors, and Turbine General Description & Quick Guide

Fans/Blowers & Compressors & Turbines are important part of Accessories systems that provide cooling air or other ambient airflow to different part of the systems.

Flow Simulator has 4 subtypes of Fans & Compressors which are available only in Compressible (e.g. gas systems) Gas Elements which can be used to piping system simulation.

  1. Centrifugal Fan
  2. Centrifugal Compressors
  3. Axial Fan
  4. Axial Compressors
  5. Axial turbine

There are two major input differences between the Centrifugal Fan & Centrifugal Compressors

  1. Inlet Static Pressure needed by the Centrifugal Compressor to calculate Pressure Rise, since its curve only gives Outlet Pressure at that fixed Inlet Pressure
  2. The Centrifugal Compressor Performance Curve expressed as Outlet Static Pressure, but that for the Centrifugal Fan is Static Pressure Rise – the Compressor then calculates Static Pressure Rise for the design condition using Design Inlet Static Pressure and scales it to current conditions

The user needs to provide performance data for a machine that is dimensionally similar to the one they wish to simulate, but which may differ in:

  1. Operating conditions (Temperature & Pressure);
  2. Gas Properties (i.e. Inlet Density)
  3. Rotational Speed
  4. Impeller Diameter.

Performance changes due to these differences are scaled according to the Affinity Laws, which is a close approximation though not precise for compressible gases.

For Axial Fan, users provided Surface data “Volumetric Flow rate vs. Delta.P vs Speed” obtained from manufacturer. Since this Surface data consist of Fan Performance curves for various speeds, no scaling is used.

Axial Compressors models a simple compressor. The performance of the compressor is determined by its performance map. The map shows the relationship between the pressure ratio and volumetric or mass flow rate. The usable section of the map is defined by the Surge and Choke lines and the maximum compressor speed. The red lines show increasing compressor speeds.

Surge Line

This is the point at which the air flow stalls at the compressor inlet. If the volume flow is too small or the pressure ratio is too high, then the air flow can longer adhere to the suction side of the compressor blades, which interrupts the discharge process. The air flow through the compressor is reversed until a stable pressure ratio with positive flow rate is reached. The pressure then builds up again and the cycle repeats itself. This flow instability continues at a fixed frequency and the resultant noise is referred to as 'surging'.

Choking Line

The maximum centrifugal compressor rate is normally limited by the cross-section at the compressor inlet. When the flow at the compressor wheel reaches sonic velocity, no further flow rate increase is possible. The choke line is shown in Figure 2 bisecting the descending compressor speed lines.

Axial Turbines models a simple Turbine. The performance of the turbine is determined by its performance map. The Typical turbine map below shows the relationship between the pressure ratio and volumetric or mass flow rate & Efficiency.

Fig: Turbine Performance Map

Fans, Compressors & Turbine Element Inputs

Table of the inputs for the Fan & Compressor Element.

Element Specific Fans & Compressors Element Input Variables
Index Field Description
1 Subtype (SUBTYPE)

Fans & Compressors Subtype

1: Centrifugal Fan

2: Centrifugal Compressor

3: Axial Fan

4: Axial Compressors

5: Axial Turbine

2 Inlet Static Temperature (INLET_TS) Temperature at the inlet to the fan/compressor
3 Inlet Static Pressure (INLET_PS) Static pressure at the inlet to the compressor
4 Inlet Density (INLET_RHO) Density of the gas at the inlet to the fan or compressor
5 Rotational Speed (DESIGN_SPEED) Speed of the machine at the design conditions
6 Compresser/Fan Diameter (DESIGN_DIA) Diameter of the Fan/compressor which will be used as a characteristic dimension for fan affinity calculations
7 Fixed Choking Flow rate (CHOKE_GPM) Flow rate above which choking expected to occur
8 Fixed Surge Flow rate (SURGE_GPM) Flow rate below which the machine is expected to become dynamically unstable
9 Inlet Pipe Diameter (IN_PIPE_DIA) Inlet pipe diameter of the fan or compressor
10 Outlet Pipe Diameter (OUT_PIPE_DIA) Outlet pipe diameter of the fan or compressor
11 Compresser/Fan Diameter (DIAMETER) Diameter of the Fan/Compressor being used in the network
12 Speed (SPEED) Rotational speed of the fan or compressor as used in the network
13 Efficiency (%) (FLAG)

Efficiency Input Option

1: Fixed Efficiency

For axial fan, centrifugal fan, and centrifugal compressor:

2: Polytropic Efficiency vs Inlet Volumetric Flow Rate

For Axial compressor and turbine:

2: Polytropic Efficiency vs Corrected Flow Rate vs Pressure Ratio

3: Polytropic Efficiency vs Corrected Flow Rate vs Corrected Speed

4: Polytropic Efficiency vs Pressure Ratio vs Corrected Speed

14 Efficiency Value (EFFICIENCY) Fan/Compressor Efficiency value in %
15 Pressure Rise Method (PS_RISE_METHOD)

Options to Specify Delta-P Terms

16 Swept Area (SWEPT_AREA)

Swept Area of Fan

(Used for Subtype:3 Axial Fan & Performance Data:2)

17 Performance Curves (PERFORM_DATA)

Used for Subtype:3 Axial Fan

1: Pressure Coefficient vs Flow Coefficient

2: Volumetric Flow Rate vs Delta.P vs Speed

18 Mass or Volume (MASS_OR_VOL)

Option to specify Mass flow rate or Volumetric flow rate

(Used for Subtype: 4 Axial Compressor)

19 Choking Flow rate (CHK_OPT)

Choking Flow rate Input Option

0: Fixed Choking Volumetric Flow rate

1: Choking Volumetric Flow rate vs Speed

2: Fixed Choking Corrected Mass Flow rate

3: Choking Corrected Mass Flow rate vs Corrected Speed

20 Surge Flow rate (SUR_OPT)

Surge Flow rate Input Option

0: Fixed Surge Volumetric Flow rate

1: Surge Volumetric Flow rate vs Speed

2: Fixed Surge Corrected Mass Flow rate

3: Surge Corrected Mass Flow rate vs Corrected Speed

Fans, Compressors & Turbine Theory Manual

Nomenclature:
: Mass flow rate : Specific heat Ratio
A: Orifice mechanical area R: Gas Constant
Q: Volumetric Flow Rate Ts: Static Temperature
: Rotatinal Speed Density
Tt: Total Temperature M: Mach Number
Pt: Total pressure Cp: Specific Heat
Ps: Static pressure gc: gravitational constant
Z: Temperature Correction Factor
Subscripts:
in, up, 1: Upstream station d: Design Point
ex, dn, 2: Downstream station Ref: Reference Conditions

Centrifugal Fan & Centrifugal Compressor:

Performance changes due to these differences are scaled according to the Affinity Laws, which is a close approximation though not precise for compressible gases.

Solution Methodology:

  1. Actual Inlet Flow Rate at current operating conditions is converted to equivalent flow at the Design Point, using the Affinity Laws, the flow is limited to lie between Surge Flow Rate and Choking Flow Rate and performance characteristics are read at that Flow Rate.
  2. The Pressure (Difference) and Power read from the curves are then converted back to actual values at current operating conditions for use in the simulation or results.
  3. In a Fan or Compressor, mechanical losses are assumed to be small relative to the conversion loss in the impeller at Design Speed, so Polytropic Efficiency is treated as Overall Efficiency in these models.
  4. At the Choking limit & Surge Limit, system flow rate is limited to Choking Flow Rate & Surge Flow Rate respectively, scaled according to the affinity laws.

The Actual inlet Mass flow rate is determined by following procedure.,

For Centrifugal Compressor,

Newton-Raphson method is used to solve above mentioned coupled continuity and momentum equations to Mass Flow rate.

For Fan Centrifugal,

Axial Fan

Axial Compressors

The Mass flowrate is obtained from the performance curve specified by user.

The Outlet Temperature is estimated by

Axial Turbines

The Mass flowrate is obtained from the performance curve specified by user.

The Outlet Temperature is estimated by

Fans, Compressors & Turbine Element Outputs

The following listing provides details about Fans & Compressor element output variables.

Name Description Units
SUBTYPE

Fans & Compressors Subtype

1: Centrifugal Fan

2: Centrifugal Compressor

3: Axial Fan

4: Axial Compressors

5: Axial Turbine

(An echo of the user input)

(None)
INLET_AREA Inlet pipe area of the fan or compressor (An echo of the user input) In2, m2
OUTLET_AREA Exit pipe area of the fan or compressor (An echo of the user input) In2, m2
FAN/COMPRESSOR_DIA

Diameter of Fan/Compressor

(Usually an echo of the user input unless modified inside Flow Simulator.)

in, m
DESIGN_DIA

Design Diameter

(An echo of the user input)

in, m
RPM

Operating Speed

(Usually an echo of the user input unless modified inside Flow Simulator.)

RPM
DESIGN_SPEED Design Speed RPM
LOSS_COEFFICIENT (PTIN-PTEX)/(PTIN-PSIN) (None)
EFFICIENCY Fan/Compressor Efficiency (None)
POWER 231.0D0 / 60.0D0 / 12.0D0 / 550.0D0 * INLET_GPM * (PTEX - PTIN) HP, W
HEAT_DUTY POWER * (745.69987/0.293071) * (1-POLY_EFF)/1000 HP, W
PTS Driving pressure relative psia, MPa
PSIN Inlet Static pressure psia, MPa
PTEX Exit Total pressure relative psia, MPa
PSEX Exit Static pressure psia, MPa
PSEB Effective sink (static) pressure psia, MPa
TTS Inlet Total temperature of fluid deg F, deg K
TSIN Inlet Static temperature deg F, deg K
TTEX Exit Total temperature deg F, deg K
TSEX Exit Static temperature deg F, deg K
INVEL Inlet Velocity ft/s, m/s
INMN Inlet Mach number (unitless)
INREYN Inlet Reynolds number (unitless)
EXVEL Exit Velocity ft/s, m/s
EXMN Exit Mach number (unitless)
EXREYN Exit Reynolds number (unitless)