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Appendix
This section provides additional information about how to estimate simulation time, supported EDEM File types, attribute definitions, and so on.
Use EDEM on a Remote Desktop
Generally, simulations are set up on Windows. However, the simulation is run on a Windows or Linux processing machine which is remotely located.
Use Turbo VNC and Tight VNC
Virtual Network Computing(VNC) is an alternative to Remote Desktop. This comes with a client to be installed on your machine and a server to be installed on the processing machine, which can be a Windows or Linux processing machine. Generally, Administrator privileges are required for setup.

Welcome
About EDEM
EDEM is a high-performance simulation software for bulk and granular materials.
What's New
New features and enhancements available in EDEM.
Release Notes
This section contains information about the EDEM release, such as key features, enhancements, bug fixes, and known issues.
Tutorials
Start using EDEM functionality with our interactive tutorials.
Get Started with EDEM
The EDEM user interface comprises three icons for each simulation component - Creator, Simulator, and Analyst.
EDEM Creator
EDEM Creator is the pre-processor for creating an EDEM simulation model, including setting up equipment and defining the generation of bulk materials.
EDEM Simulator
EDEM Simulator is a powerful solver used for fast and efficient simulations.
EDEM Analyst
EDEM Analyst is the post-processor used to analyze and visualize the results of your simulation.
EDEM Contact Models
A Contact Model describes how elements behave when they come into contact with each other.
EDEM Cal Utility
EDEM Cal is a utility which works with EDEM and is designed to assist in performing calibration.
GPU CUDA Guide
The EDEM CUDA GPU module uses the latest General Purpose Computing on Graphical Processing Units (GPU) technology.
Programming Guide
The EDEM Programming Guide describes the EDEM API.
Coupling Interface Programming Guide
The Coupling Interface Programming Guide provides an overview of how to use the EDEM Coupling Interface to couple with a generic CFD code and/or Multi Body dynamics codes.
EDEMpy
EDEMpy is a Python library for accessing EDEM data from .h5 files (the underlying EDEM file format). EDEMpy does not require prior knowledge of advanced programming.
EDEM Solver Capabilities
EDEM contains four solver engines.
Appendix
This section provides additional information about how to estimate simulation time, supported EDEM File types, attribute definitions, and so on.
- EDEM File Types
  This section lists the EDEM file types, including Standard and Optional supported file types.
- Estimate Simulation Time
  It is challenging to estimate the exact real time required for a DEM simulation, as each simulation and each computer is different.
- Attribute Definitions
  The following tables provide detailed descriptions for Particle, Geometry, Contact, and Collision attributes.
- Calculate Characteristic Length
  The Characteristic Length is the average length of each feature in the CAD file.
- Use EDEM on a Remote Desktop
  Generally, simulations are set up on Windows. However, the simulation is run on a Windows or Linux processing machine which is remotely located.
  - Particle Display Options
    EDEM uses a legacy method for displaying particles if you select Options. If this option is not selected, EDEM utilizes more of the graphics card on the processing machine to improve the speed of displaying particles, especially for large amounts of material (1 million + particles).
  - Use Remote Desktop
    Remote desktop is generally installed on most Windows operating systems. The advantage of using Remote Desktop with EDEM is that you can use all the local computers programs, files, and network resources.
  - Use Turbo VNC and Tight VNC
    Virtual Network Computing(VNC) is an alternative to Remote Desktop. This comes with a client to be installed on your machine and a server to be installed on the processing machine, which can be a Windows or Linux processing machine. Generally, Administrator privileges are required for setup.
- Command Line Example Commands
  This section provides examples of the default processing options, and how to specify processing options and run simulation and export data.
EDEM Terminology
Definitions of terms used in EDEM.
References and Bibliography
This section cites the contributions made by various authors and sources that have been used as reference material for EDEM, and the specifics of how they have been applied can be found in the individual contact model sections.

Use Turbo VNC and Tight VNC

Virtual Network Computing(VNC) is an alternative to Remote Desktop. This comes with a client to be installed on your machine and a server to be installed on the processing machine, which can be a Windows or Linux processing machine. Generally, Administrator privileges are required for setup.

To use Turbo VNC and Tight VNC on Windows:

Use Tight VNC for the server on the processing machine and Turbo VNC for the user machine.
The advantage of using Turbo VNC is that you can use the advanced graphics card options (do not select Legacy Particle Display).
For more information about installing and using Turbo VNC and Tight VNC, see the following links:
- Turbo VNC website: http://www.turbovnc.org/.
- Turbo VNC download page: https://sourceforge.net/projects/turbovnc/files/.
- Tight VNC website and download link: http://www.tightvnc.com/download.php.
  Note: It is recommended to reduce the Screen polling cycle for the Server to 30 ms (allows EDEM to display at 30 frames per second) for improved visualization speed, the default 1000 ms polling cycle resulted in slow EDEM display speeds.

Use Turbo VNC on Linux

On Linux systems, VirtualGL, and TurboVNC support remote rendering of OpenGL which is required by EDEM.

To use Turbo VNC on Linux:

Ensure that Virtual GL is installed using the following link: https://linuxcluster.wordpress.com/2010/07/25/using-turbovnc-0-6-and-virtualgl-2-1-4-to-run-opengl-application-remotely-on-centos/
SSH to the machine first (using putty for example) and start the VNC server (under your user account) using the following command:
```
/opt/TurboVNC/bin/vncserver
```
After the server starts, note the number at the end of the line starting with "New ‘X’ desktop", and then exit Putty.
From your machine, start the VNC client and enter the FQDN of the machine followed by a colon and the number that you have previously noted.
Click Connect.

The VNC Authentication dialog box is displayed.
Specify your password.
Your desktop now works as a console.
To use EDEM, enter the following command:
```
/opt/VirtualGL/bin/vglrun edem
```
After you are finished, SSH back into the machine and stop the VNC Server using the following command:
```
/opt/TurboVNC/bin/vncserver -kill :1 <replace 1 with the number from step 2>
```