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Example Guide
This manual presents examples solved using Radioss with regard to common problem types.
RD-E: 0900 Billiards (Pool)
The impact and rebound between balls on a small billiard table is studied. This example deals with the problem of defining interfaces and transmitting momentum between the balls.

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Overview
Radioss^® is a leading explicit finite element solver for crash and impact simulation.
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Discover Radioss functionality with interactive tutorials.
User Guide
This manual provides details on the features, functionality, and simulation methods available in Altair Radioss.
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Example Guide
This manual presents examples solved using Radioss with regard to common problem types.
- RD-E: 0100 Twisted Beam
  Bending test on a twisted beam modeled with triangular and quadrilateral meshes and different element formulations (QEPH, QBAT, DKT18).
- RD-E: 0200 Snap-thru Roof
  A snap-through problem is studied on a shallow cylindrical roof upon which an imposed velocity is applied at its mid-point.
- RD-E: 0300 S-Beam Crash
  An S-beam is crushed against a rigid wall with initial velocity.
- RD-E: 0400 Airbag
- RD-E: 0500 Beam Frame
  A beam frame receives an impact from a mass having initial velocity.
- RD-E: 0600 Fuel Tank
  The fluid-structure interaction and the fluid flow are studied in cases of a fuel tank sloshing and overturning. A bi-phase liquid-gas material with an ALE formulation is used to define the interaction between water and air in the fuel tank.
- RD-E: 0700 Pendulums
  The purpose of this example is to study the energy propagation and the momentum transfer through several bodies, initially in contact with each other, subjected to multiple impact. The process of collision and the energetic behavior upon impact are described using a 3-dimensional mode.
- RD-E: 0800 Hopkinson Bar
  The purpose of this example is to model and predict the responses of very high strain rates on a material during impact.
- RD-E: 0900 Billiards (Pool)
  The impact and rebound between balls on a small billiard table is studied. This example deals with the problem of defining interfaces and transmitting momentum between the balls.
  - RD-E: 0901 - Billiards (Pool)
    A pool game is modeled to show the transmission of momentum between one impacting ball and 15 impacted balls.
  - RD-E: 0902 Collision between Two Balls
    Two balls are now considered in order to study the behavior of impacting spherical balls.
  - RD-E: 0903 Interfaces Study
    Comparison of results obtained using different interfaces.
- RD-E: 1000 Bending
  Pure bending test with different 3- and 4-nodes shell formulations.
- RD-E: 1100 Tensile Test
  Material characterization using a tensile test.
- RD-E: 1200 Jumping Bicycle
  After a quasi-static pre-loading using gravity, a dummy cyclist rides along a plane, then jumps down onto a lower plane. Sensors are used to simulate the scenario in terms of time.
- RD-E: 1300 Shock Tube Experiment
  A shockwave is generated inside a shock tube filled with air and impacts an aluminum plate.
- RD-E: 1500 Gears
  The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of quadratic interface contact using two gears in contact with identical pitch diameter and straight teeth. Two different contact interfaces are compared.
- RD-E: 1600 Dummy Settling
  Quasi-static loading analysis on a dummy, settling on a seat before crash analysis, using Altair Radioss explicit or Radioss implicit solvers.
- RD-E: 1700 Box Beam
  The crashing of a box beam against a rigid wall is a typical and famous example of simulation in dynamic transient problems. The purpose for this example is to study the mesh influence on simulation results when several kinds of shell elements are used.
- RD-E: 1800 Square Plate
  A square plane subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane static loading is a simple element test. It allows you to highlight element formulation for elastic and elasto-plastic cases. The under-integrated quadrilateral shells are compared with the fully-integrated BATOZ shells. The triangles are also studied.
- RD-E: 1900 Wave Propagation
  Elastic wave propagation on a half-space subjected to a vertically-distributed load.
- RD-E: 2000 Ice Cube
  Ice cube dropping on two sliding channels.
- RD-E: 2100 Cam
  The modeling of a camshaft, which takes the engine's rotary motion and translates it into linear motion for operating the intake and exhaust valves, is studied.
- RD-E: 2200 Ditching
  The ditching of an object into a pool of water is studied using ALE and SPH approaches. The simulation results are compared to the experimental data and to the analytical results.
- RD-E: 2300 Brake
  A frictional mechanism is studied, which consists of a brake system, defined by a disc pinched between two pads.
- RD-E: 2400 Laminating
  Two rolling rigid cylinders squeeze a plate to laminate it.
- RD-E: 2500 Spring-back
  An explicit stamping simulation is followed by a spring-back analysis using implicit or explicit solvers for stress relaxation.
- RD-E: 2600 Ruptured Plate
  A metallic thick plate is perforated by a rigid sphere. Simulation of the rupture uses different failure models.
- RD-E: 2700 Football (Soccer) Shots
  Simulation of a soccer ball impact on a goal post.
- RD-E: 3900 Biomedical Valve
  A Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) problem is studied. The Radioss ALE/CFD solver is used to resolve the problem.
- RD-E: 4200 Rubber Ring: Crush and Slide
  A rubber ring resting on a flat rigid surface is pushed down by a circular roller to produce self-contact on the inside surface of the ring. Then the roller is simultaneously rolled and translated so that crushed ring rolls along the flat surface.
- RD-E: 4300 Perfect Gas Modeling with Polynomial EOS
  The purpose of this example is to plot numerical pressure, internal energy, and sound speed for a perfect gas material law.
- RD-E: 4400 Blow Molding with AMS
  Blow molding with Advanced Mass Scaling (AMS).
- RD-E: 4500 Multi-Domain
  Separate the whole model into main domain and sub-domain and solve each one with its own timestep. The new Multi-Domain Single Input Format makes the sub-domain part definition with the /SUBDOMAIN keyword.
- RD-E: 4600 TNT Cylinder Expansion Test
  An experimental test used to characterize the adiabatic expansion of detonation products. It allows JWL EOS parameters to be determined.
- RD-E: 4700 Concrete Validation
- RD-E: 4800 Spotweld Tests
- RD-E: 4900 Bird Strike on Windshield
  Using SPH elements to simulate a bird hitting a windshield.
- RD-E: 5000 INIVOL and Fluid Structure Interaction (Drop Container)
  The aim of this example is to introduce /INIVOL for initial volume fractions of different materials in multi-material ALE elements, /SURF/PLANE for infinite plane, and fluid structure interaction (FSI) with a Lagrange container.
- RD-E: 5100 Optimization in Radioss
  The new feature, Optimization in Radioss, makes it easy to set up an optimization problem in Radioss Block Format.
- RD-E: 5200 Creep and Stress Relaxation
  The purpose of this example is to introduce how to use typical visco-elastic material to simulate creep and stress relaxation tests.
- RD-E: 5300 Thermal Analysis
  A heat source moved on one plate. Heat exchanged between a heatsource and a plate through contact, also between a plate and theatmosphere (water) through convective flux.
- RD-E: 5400 Cut Methodology
  The target of the cut methodology is to study one area of the model by applying the deformation of the full model to a smaller model.
- RD-E: 5500 Fan Blade Rotation Initialization and Impact
  Impacts of rotating structures usually happen while the structure is rotating at a steady state. When the structure is rotating at very high speeds, it is necessary to include the centrifugal force field acting on the structure to correctly account for the initial stresses in the structure due to rotation.
- RD-E: 5600 Hyperelastic Material with Curve Input
  The target of this example is to demonstrate how to use material test data for rubber hyperplastic materials.
Verification Problems
This manual presents solved verification models.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section provides quick responses to typical and frequently asked questions regarding Radioss.
Theory Manual
This manual provides detailed information about the theory used in the Altair Radioss Solver.
User Subroutines
This manual describes the interface between Altair Radioss and user subroutines.

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RD-E: 0900 Billiards (Pool)

The impact and rebound between balls on a small billiard table is studied. This example deals with the problem of defining interfaces and transmitting momentum between the balls.

The study is divided into three parts:

At first, a general study is used to see the results of a cue ball when coming into contact with the 15 other balls arranged in a triangle. The balls are meshed for the purpose using 16-node shell elements (for the curvature) and a TYPE16 interface between each ball as well as between the balls and the table. The results show that the momentum is not homogenously transmitted: the balls on the table are not being evenly spread out.

Secondly, the collision between two balls is studied. All parameters are the same as in the first part. The reaction of those two balls is then compared to the analytical results.

Finally, six different interfaces are compared: TYPE16 and TYPE17 tied or sliding interfaces using the Lagrange Multipliers method and a TYPE7 tied or sliding interface using the Lagrange Multipliers or the Penalty method. The study is also initiated using a quasi-static gravity application prior to dynamic behavior. When comparing the kinetic energy transmission, the results show that interfaces without the tied option provide better results than the others, and that the TYPE16 interface seems to be the best.

billiards — Figure 1.