Internal Forces

The internal force vector is given by:

f int = ∫ Ω e B t σ d Ω e

In elasticity it becomes:

f int = ∫ Ω e B t C B v d Ω e

It can be written as:

f int = f int 0 + f int h g r

with the constant part f int 0 being computed with one-point quadrature and the non constant part or hourglass part f int h g r being computed by perturbation stabilization (Ishell = 1, 2 ,3 ...) or by physical stabilization (Ishell = 22).