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Examples
The Feko Example Guide contains a collection of examples that teaches you Feko concepts and essentials.
Antenna Synthesis and Analysis
Simple examples demonstrating antenna synthesis and analysis.
Windscreen Antenna on an Automobile
Calculate the input impedance of a windscreen antenna constructed with wires. The windscreen consists of a layer of glass and a layer of foil.

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Release Notes
See what's new in the latest release.
Get Started
The Feko Getting Started Guide contains step-by-step instructions on how to get started with Feko.
Examples
The Feko Example Guide contains a collection of examples that teaches you Feko concepts and essentials.
- Example Summary
  View a summary of the examples in the Feko Example Guide.
- Antenna Synthesis and Analysis
  Simple examples demonstrating antenna synthesis and analysis.
  - Dipole
    Calculate the radiation pattern and input impedance for a half-wavelength dipole at 74.9 MHz. The dipole length is 2 m with a wire radius of 2 mm.
  - Dipole in Front of a Cube
    Calculate the radiation pattern for a half-wavelength dipole in front of a cuboid. View the effect of the cuboid on the radiation pattern.
  - Dipole in Front of a Plate
    Calculate the radiation pattern of a dipole in front of an electrically large plate. Several techniques available in Feko are considered and the results and resource requirements compared.
  - Monopole Antenna on a Finite Ground Plane
    Calculate the radiation pattern for a wire monopole antenna on a finite ground plane. The ground plane is modelled as a circular PEC ground plane.
  - Yagi-Uda Antenna Above a Real Ground
    Calculate the radiation pattern for a horizontally polarised Yagi-Uda antenna consisting of a dipole, a reflector and three directors at 400 MHz. The antenna is located 3 m above a real ground which is modelled with the Green’s function formulation.
  - Pattern Optimisation of a Yagi-Uda Antenna
    Optimise a Yagi-Uda antenna design to achieve a specific radiation pattern and gain at 1 GHz. The Yagi-Uda antenna consists of a dipole, reflector and two directors.
  - Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna
    Calculate the radiation pattern and input impedance for a log periodic dipole array (LPDA) antenna. Non-radiating transmission lines are used to model the boom of the LPDA antenna.
  - Microstrip Patch Antenna
    Model a microstrip patch antenna using two feed methods (pin feed, microstrip edge feed). The dielectric substrate is considered as a finite substrate and an infinite planar multilayer substrate.
  - Proximity Coupled Patch Antenna with Microstrip Feed
    Calculate the input reflection coefficient of a proximity coupled patch antenna on an infinite substrate.
  - Aperture Coupled Patch Antenna
    Calculate the input reflection coefficient of an aperture coupled patch antenna. Use continuous frequency sampling to minimise runtime. Compare results for a finite and infinite dielectric.
  - Different Ways to Feed a Horn Antenna
    Calculate the far field pattern of a pyramidal horn antenna at 1.645 GHz.
  - Dielectric Resonator Antenna on Finite Ground
    Calculate the input impedance and radiation pattern of a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a coaxial pin feed on a finite ground.
  - Dielectric Lens Antenna
    Calculate the radiation pattern of a dielectric lens antenna. The lens is illuminated by an equivalent far field source with an ideal cosine pattern. The lens structure is modelled using the ray launching geometrical optics (RL-GO). Compare the RL-GO solution with a hybrid FEM/MoM solution.
  - Windscreen Antenna on an Automobile
    Calculate the input impedance of a windscreen antenna constructed with wires. The windscreen consists of a layer of glass and a layer of foil.
    - Creating the Model
      Create the model in CADFEKO. Define any ports and sources required for the model. Specify the operating frequency or frequency range for the model.
    - Defining Calculation Requests
      Define the calculation requests in CADFEKO.
    - Modifying the Auto-Generated Mesh
      Modify the model mesh in CADFEKO using the correct settings. A mesh is a discretised representation of a geometry model or mesh model used for simulation in the Solver.
    - Running the Feko Solver
      Run the Solver to compute the calculation requests.
    - Viewing the Results
      View and post-process the results in POSTFEKO.
  - MIMO Elliptical Ring Antenna (Characteristic Modes)
    Calculate the current distribution and far fields for a MIMO elliptical ring antenna. Use characteristic mode analysis to calculate the results for different modes.
  - Periodic Boundary Conditions for Array Analysis
    Calculate the far field pattern for a single element in an infinite two-dimensional array of pin-fed patch elements. The infinite patch array is modelled using periodic boundary condition. Calculate the approximated far field pattern for a 10x10 element array.
  - Finite Antenna Array with Non-Linear Spacing
    Calculate the radiation pattern for an array of arbitrarily placed pin-fed patch antennas. Use the finite array tool to construct the array and the domain Green's function method (DGFM) to minimize computational resources.
- Antenna Placement
  Simple examples demonstrating antenna placement.
- Radar Cross Section (RCS)
  Simple examples demonstrating radar cross section (RCS) calculations of objects.
- EMC Analysis and Cable Coupling
  Simple examples demonstrating electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis and cable coupling.
- Waveguide and Microwave Circuits
  Simple examples demonstrating using waveguides and microwave circuits.
- Bio Electromagnetics
  Simple examples demonstrating phantom and tissue exposure analsysis.
- Time Domain
  A simple example demonstrating the time analysis of an incident plane wave on an obstacle.
- Special Solution Methods
  Simple examples demonstrating using continuous frequency range, using the MLFMM for large models, using the LE-PO (large element physical optics) on subparts of the model and optimising the waveguide pin feed location.
- User Interface Tools
  Simple examples demonstrating using Feko application automation, matching circuit generation with Optenni Lab and optimising a bandpass filter with HyperStudy.
Introduction to Feko
Feko is a comprehensive electromagnetic solver with multiple solution methods that is used for electromagnetic field analyses involving 3D objects of arbitrary shapes.
CADFEKO
CADFEKO is used to create and mesh the geometry or model mesh, specify the solution settings and calculation requests in a graphical environment.
POSTFEKO
POSTFEKO, the Feko post processor, is used to display the model (configuration and mesh), results on graphs and 3D views.
EDITFEKO
EDITFEKO is used to construct advanced models (both the geometry and solution requirements) using a high-level scripting language which includes loops and conditional statements.
Feko Solution Methods
One of the key features in Feko is that it includes a broad set of unique and hybridised solution methods. Effective use of Feko features requires an understanding of the available methods.
Optimisation in Feko
Feko offers state-of-the-art optimisation engines based on generic algorithm (GA) and other methods, which can be used to automatically optimise the design and determine the optimum solution.
Feko Utilities
The Feko utilities consist of PREFEKO, OPTFEKO, the Launcher utility, Updater and the crash reporter.
Description of the Output File of Feko
Feko writes all the results to an ASCII output file .out as well as a binary output file .bof for usage by POSTFEKO. Use the .out file to obtain additional information about the solution.
Feko Application Macros
A large collection of application macros are available for CADFEKO and POSTFEKO.
Scripts and Application Programming Interface (API)
CADFEKO and POSTFEKO have a powerful, fast, lightweight scripting language integrated into the application allowing you to create models, get hold of simulation results and model configuration information as well as manipulation of data and automate repetitive tasks.
Appendix
Reference information is provided in the appendix.

Windscreen Antenna on an Automobile

Calculate the input impedance of a windscreen antenna constructed with wires. The windscreen consists of a layer of glass and a layer of foil.

Figure 1. A 3D view of an automobile and windscreen antenna.

The windscreen antenna (wires) can be embedded in the windscreen layers or placed on the surface of the windscreen.

The windscreen curvature reference can consist of multiple layers with different media. Its mesh elements do not contribute to the solution's computational resources.

Tip: Find the completed model in the application macro library¹.

¹ The application macro library is located on the Home tab, in the Scripting group. Click the Application Macro icon and from the drop-down list, select Example Guide.