# Large Rotation of a Cantilever Beam under End Moment Load

## Model Description

Model location: <altair>\utility\mbd\nlfe\validationmanual\model3.mdl

This model consists of a straight beam fixed to the ground at one end and subject to a moment load at the other end as shown in Figure 1 below. To curl the beam into a circle, the following load is applied:(1)
$M=\frac{EI}{R}=\frac{2\pi EI}{l}$
Here,
$M$
Applied moment at the end point
$E$
Young's modulus
$I$
Moment of inertia about the axis normal to the page
$R$
Radius of the deformed circular shape
$l$
Beam length

## Multibody Model

The cantilever beam is modeled using 250 NLFE BEAM elements in MotionSolve. The left end of cantilever beam is fixed to the ground by a fixed joint. The right end has a planar joint with ground (this is to minimize numerical instability and aid in the simulation. This does not affect the physics). Gravity is turned off for this model. The moment is applied at the right end of the beam.

An end moment is applied at the end of the cantilever beam using a TorqueOnly Force_Vector_OneBody element. The moment is applied using the following equation:(2)
$M=\frac{EI}{R}=\frac{2\pi EI}{l}$
The following material properties are used for the NFLE beam:
$l$
5000 mm
$A$
31840 mm2
$I$
1.68 x 105 mm4
$\rho$
7.8 x 10-6 kg/mm3
$E$
2.1 x 105 N/mm2
For the above values, the applied moment load is:(3)

This model is simulated with an end time of 40 seconds, for a dynamic analysis. The moment load is applied using a step function that ramps up in 35 seconds. Under the end moment, the beam is expected to deform and curl up into a perfect circle with a radius $R=\frac{l}{2\pi }=\frac{5000mm}{2\pi }=795.77mm$ .

The actual radius of the deformed beam can be determined by calculating the Z displacement of the node at the midpoint of the beam and dividing the value by 2.

## Numerical Results

Figure 3 below depicts the deformation of the cantilever beam under the end moment load. Tracing is turned on so the deformation of the beam can be visualized. The yellow component represents the undeformed shape and the component with contours represents the final deformed shape at the end of the simulation. The trace of last element of the beam (grey) can also be visualized as it deforms during the simulation. As can be seen, there is a large rotation of this element from the undeformed to the final deformed state.

To determine the radius of the deformed shape, you can plot the Z displacements of GRID/301127 (the mid-point of the beam) from the MRF file and divide the value by 2.

## Conclusion

The NLFE model with 250 BEAM elements shows close agreement to the theoretical results for this case.

Theoretical Numerical % error
Radius 795.77 mm 795.3 mm 0.06

The results presented use the default solver settings present in MotionView.