Terrain Models
Different models for macro-cellular prediction exist with differing accuracy and computational resource requirements.
In macro-cellular prediction models, the forward propagation including multiple diffractions over terrain and buildings are computed. Scattering and reflection from hills, mountains, and buildings can generally be neglected because the base station is located above the surrounding obstacles to cover a large area. Possible applications are, for example, broadcasting transmitters or base stations in low populated areas.
The predictions are based on the knowledge of topography, land usage and in some models also the building height information. This section describes the different approaches to the propagation modeling in terrain scenarios.
Figure 1 shows a typical scenario for a terrain prediction.