Another solution type is introduced, designed for simulating vehicle wading through deep water. These simulations are characterized by a complex geometry interacting with a free surface fluid. This is difficult and expensive to capture with traditional CFD approaches, but SPH's Lagrangian method is ideally suited to this kind of problem.

Vehicle wading simulations in nanoFluidX are always singlephase simulations. The computational cost of a full multiphase simulation is too great. There are two different simulation setups available:
Moving Vehicle
This approach mimics a real world condition. A water channel is defined and the vehicle drives through it. This approach is more realistic and captures the dynamic fluid behavior during water entry and exit. It is more suitable for comparing to physical tests. However, it is the more computationally expensive approach.
Static Vehicle
This approach is simpler and uses a configuration similar to a wind tunnel. The vehicle remains static, but the road and wheels are assigned boundary conditions which mimic the correct vehicle speed. Water approaches the vehicle from an inlet at the front of the channel. This approach is less computationally expensive than the moving vehicle simulation, but it is not possible to capture the fluid behavior during water entry and exit.

## Guide to Moving Vehicle Setup

This video gives an overview of the setup process for a moving vehicle approach.

## Guide to Static Vehicle Setup

This video gives an overview of the setup process for a static vehicle approach.

## Geometry Cleanup and Model Organization

The vehicle model can be imported in any CAD format, or using STL. The vehicle model should be organized into assemblies which contain the vehicle body, with the front and rear wheels as separate assemblies.

## Solution Definition

For the vehicle wading solution type, the essential set of simulation parameters must be provided. Those parameters include particle size definition dx, selection of the framesuite (see Frame Parameters UG 2.4.14), constant vehicle velocity, water depth, and the total duration of the simulation.
Particle Resolution
Particle Resolution (dx) for vehicle wading is relatively simple and is normally determined by hardware available and desired runtime. The typical range is 3mm - 10mm, outside this range accuracy is compromised too much or the runtime is prohibitive. The recommended resolution is 5mm as a good compromise between accuracy and runtime.
Interaction Scheme
Choose whether to use Riemann or Weighted interaction schemes (interactionscheme). For vehicle wading, the Riemann interaction scheme is the default and recommended option, as it results in smoother pressure gradients. This typically gives much better results and is worth the additional computational cost. The Weighted interaction scheme is included for flexibility and non-standard usecases.
Simulation Duration
This defines the start time (t_begin) and finishing time (t_end) of the simulation. Start time only needs to be adjusted when running a restart simulation.
Important: Currently, there is no check to ensure that the vehicle will reach the end of the channel when using the Moving Vehicle approach. Ensure that the time is sufficient for the channel and vehicle speed.

## Channel Definition and Vehicle Position

The channel is composed of three parts: the profile (cross section), path, and STL. The solver uses the path and profile definition, whilst the channel STL is used for visualization in ParaView. The channel is always created in the correct orientation, with the origin at 0,0,0. The vehicle must be aligned with the channel using the Transform tool.

Important: The initial position of the vehicle must not cross multiple segments of the channel in a moving vehicle type simulation.

## Part Identification and Material Assignment

The materials (phase) types required for the vehicle wading simulation are created automatically when a Wading Solution is created. Using the Identify Parts menu to classify the bodies as wheels or car body, the materials are assigned automatically and motions are created for the wheels.
Note: In this release, SimLab is not capable of identifying the orientation of the vehicle and therefore which wheel pair is front and rear. Assign the correct material manually.

## Domain

Definition of the computation domain is important. The domain must extend far enough upstream and downstream of the vehicle to capture the bow wave formed, along with the wake trailing the vehicle. The default values for domain size (thunderbolt icon) consider that vehicle velocity stays below 20 km/h.

## Probes and Extractors

Alongside the conventional probes that are used to extract accurate post-processing information at the particular location, it is recommended that you use the extractors in water management simulations. For more information, refer to Probes and Extractors in the Command Reference guide.

## Export

Prior to the export of the solver input files, it is recommended to perform a Data Check to avoid possible inconsistencies and errors.