RD-V: 0030 Spring (TYPE4)

Spring force as function of elongation for different stiffness formulations.



Figure 1. Force versus elongation

The subject of this study is to verify the behavior of the spring element using different stiffness formulations with a defined elongation.

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Input Files

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Model Description with Different Stiffness Formulation

Units: Mg, s, mm, MPa

The model contains 5 spring elements with the same length of 100 mm and different properties:
  • Elastic linear stiffness
    • K=2N/mm
  • Nonlinear elastic stiffness
    • Force versus displacement function:
      Elongation
      Force
      -20
      -20
      -1
      -10
      0
      0
      1
      10
      20
      20
    • Linear stiffness K=50N/mm used for transition
  • Nonlinear plastic stiffness with isotropic hardening (H=1)
    • Same force versus displacement function and same linear stiffness
    • Plastic behavior with H=1
    • Linear stiffness K=50N/mm used for transition
  • Nonlinear plastic stiffness with uncoupled hardening (H=2)
    • Same force versus displacement function and same linear stiffness
    • Plastic behavior with H=2
    • Linear stiffness K=50N/mm used for transition
  • Nonlinear plastic stiffness with nonlinear unloading (H=6)
    • Same force versus displacement function and same linear stiffness
    • Nonlinear unloading force versus displacement:
      Elongation
      Force
      -10
      -20
      -5
      -1
      0
      0
      5
      1
      10
      20
    • Plastic behavior with H=6
    • Linear stiffness K=50N/mm used for transition

Imposed displacement is defined on one end of the spring element to model tensile and compression (displacement +/- 20mm) with constant velocity of 200mm/s.

The other end of the spring element is clamped.

Results

Computation results for the force versus elongation.


Figure 2. Force versus elongation
Computation results for the force versus time.


Figure 3. force versus time
Theoretical value for the force versus time.
Table 1. Theoretical Results
Time Elastic Linear Stiffness Nonlinear Elastic Nonlinear Plastic Stiffness with Isotropic Hardening (H=1) Nonlinear Plastic Stiffness with Isotropic Hardening (H=2) Nonlinear Plastic Stiffness with Nonlinear Unloading (H=6)
t=0.1s 40 20 20 20 20
t=0.2s 0 0 -30.10526316 0 -20
t=0.3s -40 -20 -40.63157895 -20 -30.52631579
t=0.4s 0 0 50.30249307 0 9.473684211

Model Description with Behavior at Different Deformation Rates

Units: Mg, s, mm, MPa

The model contains 5 spring elements with the same length of 100 mm and different properties:
  • Nonlinear elastic stiffness
    • Force versus elongation function:
      Elongation
      Force
      -20
      -20
      -1
      -10
      0
      0
      1
      10
      20
      20
  • Elongation rate dependency
    • Linear value
    • Stiffness scale factor
    • Force versus elongation rate scale factor function:
      Elongation Rate
      Force
      -10
      0.1
      0
      0
      10
      0.1
    • Damping versus elongation rate function
      Elongation Rate
      Damping
      -10
      -1
      0
      0
      10
      1
  • Damping versus elongation rate function with higher velocity

    The imposed displacement function abscissa (time) is scaled by 0.5 to double the constant loading velocity.

Imposed displacement is defined on one end of the spring element to model tension and compression (displacement +/- 20mm) with constant velocity of 200mm/s (with abscissa scale factor 1.0) or 400mm/s (with abscissa scale factor 0.5).

The other end of the spring element is clamped.

Results

Computation results for the force versus time.


Figure 4. force versus time
Theoretical value for the force versus time.
Table 2. Theoretical Results
Time Nonlinear Elastic Nonlinear Elastic + C Nonlinear Elastic + Velocity-based Force Function Scale Nonlinear Elastic + Velocity-based Damping Function (200 mm/s) Nonlinear Elastic + Velocity-based Damping Function (400 mm/s)
t=0.1s (V+) 20 40 60 40 60
t=0.1s (V-) 20 0 60 0 -20
t=0.2s (V-) 0 -20 0 -20 -40
t=0.3s (V-) -20 -40 -60 -40 -60
t=0.3s (V+) -20 0 -60 0 20
t=0.4s (V+) 0 20 0 20 40

Conclusion

The Radioss computation returns results very close to the theoretical values with the expected behavior for the different elastic, plastic behavior and with deformation rate formulations.