/MAT/LAW58 (FABR_A)

Block Format Keyword This law describes a hyperelastic anisotropic fabric material. It uses an anisotropic coordinate system with an anisotropy angle, following element deformation.

The material formulation provides coupling between warp and weft directions in order to reproduce physical interaction between fibers. The shear degree of freedom is fully decoupled from the translational degrees of freedom. Optionally, nonlinear stress-strain curves for loading and unloading can be specified for warp, weft directions and in shear.

Format

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
/MAT/LAW58/mat_ID/unit_ID or /MAT/FABR_A/mat_ID/unit_ID
mat_title
ρ i
E1 B1 E2 B2 Flex
G0 GT α T Gsh sens_ID
Df Ds Gfrot ZeroStress
N1 N2 S1 S2 Flex1 Flex2
Optional lines:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
fct_ID1 Fscale1
fct_ID2 Fscale2
fct_ID3 Fscale3
fct_ID4 fct_ID5 Fscale4 Fscale5 fct_ID6 Fscale6

Definition

Field Contents SI Unit Example
mat_ID Material identifier.

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

unit_ID Unit Identifier.

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

mat_title Material title.

(Character, maximum 100 characters)

ρ i Initial density.

(Real)

[ kg m 3 ]
E1 Young's modulus in the warp direction.

(Real)

[ Pa ]
B1 Softening coefficient in the warp direction.

Default = 0.00 (Real)

[ Pa ]
E2 Young's modulus in the weft direction.

(Real)

[ Pa ]
B2 Softening coefficient in the weft direction.

Default = 0.00 (Real)

[ Pa ]
Flex Fiber bending modulus reduction factor.

Default = 0.01 (Real)

G0 Initial shear modulus.

Default = G, where G = G T 1 + tan 2 ( α T )

(Real)

[ Pa ]
GT Tangent shear modulus at α = α T .

(Real)

[ Pa ]
α T Shear locking angle.

(Real)

[ deg ]
Gsh Traverse shear modulus (only used with multi-layer property).

Default G s h = G 0 (Real)

If G0 = 0, then G s h = G T 1 + tan 2 ( α T )

[ Pa ]
sens_ID Sensor identifier to activate reference geometry. 8

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Df Damping coefficient in the warp and weft directions (0.0 < Df < 1.0). 2

Default = 0.00 (Real)

Ds Friction coefficient between fibers in shear (0.0 < Ds < 1.0). 6

Default = 0.00 (Real)

Gfrot Shear friction modulus. 6

Default G frot = G 0 (Real)

If G0 = 0, then G frot = G T 1 + tan 2 ( α T ) .

ZeroStress Zero stress flag for initial stresses in tension and compression by using reference state geometry. 7
= 0
No stress reduction.
= 1
Full stress reduction.

(Real)

N1 Fiber density (number of fibers per length unit) in warp direction. 2

Default = 1 (Integer)

N2 Fiber density (number of fibers per length unit) in weft direction. 2

Default = 1 (Integer)

S1 Straightening strain in the warp direction. 5

Default = 0.10 (Real)

S2 Straightening strain in the weft direction. 5

Default = 0.10 (Real)

Flex1 Fiber bending modulus reduction factor in warp direction. 5

Default = Flex (Real)

Flex2 Fiber bending modulus reduction factor in weft direction. 5

Default = Flex (Real)

fct_ID1 (Optional) Loading function identifier for engineering stress versus engineering strain in warp direction. 4

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale1 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 1.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]
fct_ID2 (Optional) Loading function identifier for engineering stress versus engineering strain in weft direction. 4

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale2 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 2.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]
fct_ID3 (Optional) Loading function identifier for engineering shear stress versus the anisotropy complementary angle (in degrees) between fiber directions (axes of anisotropy). 6

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale3 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 3.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]
fct_ID4 (Optional) Unloading function identifier for engineering stress versus engineering strain in warp direction. 4

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale4 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 4.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]
fct_ID5 (Optional) Unloading function identifier for engineering stress versus engineering strain in weft direction. 4

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale5 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 5.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]
fct_ID6 (Optional) Unloading function identifier for engineering shear stress versus the anisotropy complementary angle (in degrees) between fiber directions (axes of anisotropy). 6

Default = 0 (Integer)

Fscale6 (Optional) Scale factor for ordinate of function 6.

Default = 1.0 (Real)

[ Pa ]

Example (Fabric with parameter input)

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/UNIT/1
unit for mat
                  kg                   m                   s
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#-  2. MATERIALS:
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/MAT/LAW58/1/1
FABRIC
#              RHO_I
               722.5
#                 E1                  B1                  E2                  B2                FLEX
           450000000                   0           450000000                   0                0.01
#                 G0                  GT              AlphaT                 Gsh           sensor_ID
                   0            10000000                  60                   0                   0
#                 Df                  Ds               GFROT                             ZERO_STRESS
                 .05                 .05                   0                                       0	 
#       N1        N2                  S1                  S2               FLEX1               FLEX2
         1         1                 .05                 .05                   0                   0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#ENDDATA
/END
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|

Example (Fabric with function input)

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/UNIT/1
unit for mat
                  kg                  mm                  ms
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
#-  2. MATERIALS:
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/MAT/LAW58/1/1
Altair test fabric LAW58
#              RHO_I
               8e-07
#                 E1                  B1                  E2                  B2                FLEX
                0.38                   0                0.38                   0                   1
#                 G0                  GT              AlphaT                 Gsh           sensor_ID
              0.0035              0.0055               7.175                   0                   1
#                 Df                  Ds               GFROT                             ZERO_STRESS
                0.00                0.00                   0                                       1	 
#       N1        N2                  S1                  S2               FLEX1               FLEX2
         1         1                   0                   0                   0                   0
#  fct_ID1                       Fscale1
       500                             1
#  fct_ID2                       Fscale2
       501                          1.07
#  fct_ID3                       Fscale3
       502                             1
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/FUNCT/500
stress-strain curve dir 1
#        Eng. strain         Eng. stress
   0.0000000000e+000                   0
   9.9503308532e-003   2.9636979188e-003
   1.9802627296e-002   5.3682944250e-003
   2.9558802242e-002   7.1312474875e-003
   3.9220713153e-002   8.7543744167e-003
   4.8790164169e-002   1.0626227281e-002
   5.8268908124e-002   1.2828957400e-002
   6.7658648474e-002   1.5214981140e-002
   7.6961041136e-002   1.7923677525e-002
   8.6177696241e-002   2.0931047458e-002
   9.5310179804e-002   2.4244941875e-002
   1.0436001532e-001   2.8050134750e-002
   1.1332868531e-001   3.2157106333e-002
   1.2221763272e-001   3.6791281562e-002
   1.3102826241e-001   4.1811352500e-002
   1.3976194238e-001   4.7185817708e-002
   1.4842000512e-001   5.3009665500e-002
/FUNCT/501
stress-strain curve dir 2
#        Eng. strain         Eng. stress
   0.0000000000e+000                   0
   9.9503308532e-003   3.7850414917e-003
   1.9802627296e-002   6.6041801875e-003
   2.9558802242e-002   8.9026150938e-003
   3.9220713153e-002   1.1200598067e-002
   4.8790164169e-002   1.3569178437e-002
   5.8268908124e-002   1.6244941225e-002
   6.7658648474e-002   1.9356706823e-002
   7.6961041136e-002   2.2930409250e-002
   8.6177696241e-002   2.7109342313e-002
   9.5310179804e-002   3.1773431250e-002
   1.0436001532e-001   3.6903321313e-002
   1.1332868531e-001   4.2590270333e-002
   1.2221763272e-001   4.8734555250e-002
   1.3102826241e-001   5.5311888000e-002
   1.3976194238e-001   6.2350489167e-002
   1.4842000512e-001   6.9690045000e-002
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/FUNCT/502
stress-strain curve dir 12
#              angle         Eng. stress
  -16.170000000e-000  -1.5741500000e-003
  -7.1750000000e-000  -4.3750000000e-004
   0.0000000000e+000   0.0000000000e+000
   7.1750000000e-000   4.3750000000e-004
   16.170000000e-000   1.5741500000e-003

#ENDDATA
/END
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|

Comments

  1. This law is used with the properties, /PROP/TYPE16 (SH_FABR), /PROP/TYPE19 (PLY), /PROP/TYPE51, /PLY and /PROP/PCOMPP.
  2. Fiber characterization:
    • N1 and N2 are the number of fibers per length unit, which are used to calculate stress in both fiber directions.
    • The fiber directions (warp and weft) define local axes of anisotropy. Material data is specified independently for each direction and in shear.
    • Fiber damping is used to suppress instabilities as a result of elastic material behavior. The recommended value for the damping coefficient in the fiber direction Df is 0.05.
  3. Rules concerning input functions for the optional loading and unloading stress-strain curves.
    • All tabulated input curves must be monotonically increasing. Radioss Starter will output an error message when the input is not monotonically increasing in case of wrong input.
    • Case without unloading (fct_ID4=fct_ID5=fct_ID6=0):

      All loading functions are optional. You may use an analytical formula or define a loading function in any direction. Tabulated and analytical behavior may be mixed in any direction.

    • Case of loading / unloading with hysteresis with at least one unloading function is defined.
      • Loading functions are mandatory in all directions. Functions fct_ID1, fct_ID2, and fct_ID3 must all be defined. It is not possible to mix analytical formula in loading with unloading functions.
      • Not all unloading curves need to be defined. If an unloading curve is missing in any direction, the loading and unloading will take the same path with no hysteresis.
      • If loading and unloading functions are defined, they must have strictly only one intersection point to define the hysteresis loop. The exception is the shear functions are curves in shear which must have two intersection points for negative and positive values.
      • An error message is written when input is incorrect.
  4. Stress-strain relation in tension and compression in direction of fibres.
    • When nonlinear functions are used.
      fct_ID1, fct_ID2 define loading and fct_ID4, fct_ID5 unloading behavior
      Figure 1.


    • When parameters are used, the analytical relationships between stress and strain are defined for both loading and unloading, as:
      • d σ d ε > 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9 Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaai aadsgacqaHdpWCaeaacaWGKbGaeqyTdugaaiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@3D6C@
        σ i i = E i ε i i ( B i ε i i 2 ) 2      ( i = 1 , 2 )   MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9 Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqaHdpWCda WgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaamyramaaBaaaleaa caWGPbaabeaakiabew7aLnaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamyAaaqabaGccq GHsisldaWcaaqaaiaacIcacaWGcbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGa eqyTdu2aaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaWGPbaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaaG OmaaaakiaacMcaaeaacaaIYaaaaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabcca caqGGaGaaeikaiaadMgacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaaiilaiaaikdacaGGPa Gaaeiiaaaa@53CE@
      •   d σ d ε 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9 Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaqGGaWaaS aaaeaacaWGKbGaeq4WdmhabaGaamizaiabew7aLbaacqGHKjYOcaaI Waaaaa@3EBC@
        σ i i = max ε i i ( E i ε i i ( B i ε i i 2 ) 2 )      ( i = 1 , 2 )   MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbbG8FasPYRqj0=yi0dXdbba9pGe9xq=JbbG8A8frFve9 Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqaHdpWCda WgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaciyBaiaacggacaGG 4bWaaSbaaSqaaiabew7aLnaaBaaameaacaWGPbGaamyAaaqabaaale qaaOWaaeWaaeaacaWGfbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeqyTdu2a aSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkHiTmaalaaabaGaaiikai aadkeadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqaH1oqzdaWgaaWcbaGaamyA aiaadMgaaeqaaOWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaaiykaaqaaiaaik daaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabcca caqGOaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaaGOmaiaacMcacaqGGa aaaa@5C1C@

      The analytical parameters are not used if the nonlinear functions (fct_ID1, fct_ID2, fct_ID4 and fct_ID5) are specified. However, the values E1, E2, are still required to calculate the prestress from the reference geometry and evaluate material stiffness used in contact. In such cases, E1, E2 should correspond to average stiffness (average slope) of the corresponding loading functions.

  5. Initial straightening effect of the woven fabric.
    This material allows you to account for the initial straightening effect of the woven fabric.
    Figure 2.

    law58_loading_phase
    • It is assumed to be softer in the tensile direction during the straightening phase. In biaxial tension there is no straightening phase and the fibers bear loads from the beginning of the loading phase.

      Use factor Flexi to scale the E modulus or function f i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaciGGMbWaaS baaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaaa@396E@ (fct_ID1 or fct_ID2) in corresponding direction.

      f f t _ i = F l e x i f i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaciGGMbWaaS baaSqaaiaadAgacaWG0bGaai4xaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaamOr aiaadYgacaWGLbGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaakiabgwSixl GacAgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaaaa@465C@ (function input)

      E f t = F l e x i E i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGfbWaaS baaSqaaiaadAgacaWG0baabeaakiabg2da9iaadAeacaWGSbGaamyz aiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaGccqGHflY1caWGfbWaaSbaaS qaaiaadMgaaeqaaaaa@4447@ (parameter input)
      Figure 3.

      law58_straightening
      • If the value of Flex1 or Flex2 is equal to zero, then the value of Flex will be used.
      • The straightening portion of the strain is given by the strains S1 and S2 for direction 1 and 2 correspondingly.
      • The functions fct_ID1 and fct_ID2 correspond to biaxial tension, where the initial straightening is not taken into account. In uniaxial tension, the straightening effect is accounted for by using Flex1 and Flex2 in the stress calculation. It is similar to the case when E1 and E2 are specified instead of the curves.
    • In compression, the Young's modulus is always:
      E = F l e x i E i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGfbGaey ypa0JaamOraiaadYgacaWGLbGaamiEamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbaabeaa kiabgwSixlaadweadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaaqabaaaaa@422D@
      Figure 4.


  6. Stress-strain relation in shear.
    • When tabulated input is present fct_ID3 is used for loading and fct_ID6 for unloading.
      • If fct_ID6 is not specified, the material is assumed to be hyperelastic, and the loading and unloading paths are the same.
      • If fct_ID6 is given, the material shows hysteresis behavior with different path for loading and unloading in shear directions.
      • The nonlinear functions (fct_ID3, fct_ID6) are not mandatory. If these functions are not specified, the corresponding values of G0, and GT are used to calculate the stress-strain relationship of the material.
      • For function fct_ID3, fct_ID6, which determine loading and unloading in shear the abscissa α MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqaHXoqyaa a@3907@ should be set in degrees. The functions should be specified both for negative and positive values of the angle (normally the functions are symmetrical).
      • Absolute value of the angle, and its value should be less than 90 degrees, | α | < 90 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaabdaqaai abeg7aHbGaay5bSlaawIa7aiabgYda8iaaiMdacaaIWaWaaWbaaSqa beaacqWIyiYBaaaaaa@4011@ .
      • Loading and unloading functions should pass through point (0,0). Loading and unloading curves should have exactly one intersection point for negative angle and another intersection point for positive angle.
        Figure 5.


        The anisotropy complementary angle α MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqGqFfpeea0xe9vq=Jb9 vqpeea0xd9q8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr 0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacqaHXoqyaa a@3907@ , which is equal to the difference between 90 degrees and the current angle between the anisotropy axes.

        The shear input curve can be recovered using UVAR = 3 versus arctan (UVAR = 6).

    • When parameters are used to describe relation between shear stress and angle, two different shear situations could be described:
      • In plane (1 - 2) shear:

        Before shear locking angle α α T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaey izImQaeqySde2aaSbaaSqaaiaadsfaaeqaaaaa@3BEF@ :

        τ = G 0 tan ( α ) τ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiXdqNaey ypa0Jaam4ramaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakiGacshacaGGHbGaaiOB aiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGaeyOeI0IaeqiXdq3aaSbaaSqaaiaaic daaeqaaaaa@43DF@

        After shear locking angle α > α T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaey Opa4JaeqySde2aaSbaaSqaaiaadsfaaeqaaaaa@3B42@ :
        τ = G tan ( α ) + G A τ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqiXdqNaey ypa0Jaam4raiGacshacaGGHbGaaiOBaiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGa ey4kaSIaam4ramaaBaaaleaacaWGbbaabeaakiabgkHiTiabes8a0n aaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaaaaa@4599@
        Figure 6.

        law58_shear
        Where,
        G A = ( G 0 G ) tan ( α T )
        G = G T 1 + tan 2 ( α T )
        τ 0 = G 0 tan ( α 0 )
        α T
        Shear locking angle
        GT
        Shear modulus at α T
        G0
        Shear modulus at α = α 0
      • If the G0 = 0, then its value is calculated to avoid discontinuity of the shear modulus at α T : G0 = G
      • The values of G0 and GT are ignored if the nonlinear functions (fct_ID3 and fct_ID6) are specified. However, the values G0 is still required to calculate the prestress from the reference geometry and evaluate material stiffness used in contact. In such cases, G0 should correspond to average stiffness (average slope) of the corresponding loading functions.
      • α T is an initial complementary angle, which is equal to the difference between 90 degrees and the initial angle between the anisotropy axes defined in the shell property (/PROP/TYPE16 (SH_FABR)).
        Note: Initial pre-stress exists in the fabric material if the initial angle between the fiber axes specified in the property is not equal to 90 degrees.
      • It is also possible to describe the interaction of shear stress between fibers. Use Gfrot (the shear modulus) to calculate interaction shear stress ( G frot * ( α ˙ ) ) between fibers. The friction in-plane shear stress between the fibers is calculated as D s * G frot * ( α ˙ ) .
      • Out-of-plane shear:

        It is possible to describe transverse shear between multi-layers (plies) with shear modulus G s h MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaadEeadaWgaa WcbaGaam4CaiaadIgaaeqaaaaa@38C8@ .

  7. The ZeroStress flag is used to remove initial stresses in the folded airbag. These initial stresses arise during the folding process. Numerically this pre-stress is specified through a reference airbag geometry which represents an unfolded airbag state. If ZeroStress=1, then compressive and tensile initial stresses are set to zero and then gradually increase to the actual value after deployment begins.
  8. sens_ID is used only with ZeroStress =1 and reference airbag geometry. It activates the pre-stress based on the values output from the sensor. This is useful for airbags with time to fire > 0.
  9. Output for post-processing:
    This material uses the anisotropic coordinate system, with the angle between the material coordinate system axes (anisotropy angle) updated based on the element deformation. Special user-defined output should be used to evaluate stresses, strains, and the shear angle alpha. In the /TH/SHEL and /TH/SH3N entries in the Starter file and in /H3D/SHELL or /ANIM/SHELL in the Engine file, you should specify the following:
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=1 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR1 - engineering stress in fiber direction 1
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=2 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR2 - engineering stress in fiber direction 2
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=3 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR3 - engineering stress in shear direction
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=4 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR4 - engineering strain in fiber direction 1
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=5 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR5 - engineering strain in fiber direction 2
    • /H3D/SHELL/USER/UVAR=6 or /ANIM/SHELL/USR6 - tan( α MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaahqart1ev3aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdegaaa@3792@ )
    • /H3D/SHELL/ALPHA - Shear angle alpha of material /MAT/LAW58 in degrees.

    Due to special material formulation (decoupled DOF with special interaction between fibers), the stress component does not form a stress tensor; therefore, usual tensor evaluations such as von Mises stress, principal stresses, and so on, have no meaning for the material.

  10. Thickness is constant for material /MAT/LAW58. Flag Ithick in the property /PROP/TYPE16 is not used for this material.