Package Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachinesTest examples of synchronous machines
Package Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachinesThis package contains test examples of synchronous machines.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.ExamplesPackage (Icon for packages containing runnable examples).
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
SMEE_DOL | Test example: ElectricalExcitedSynchronousMachine starting direct on line |
SMEE_Generator | Test example: ElectricalExcitedSynchronousMachine as Generator |
SMEE_LoadDump | Test example: ElectricalExcitedSynchronousMachine with voltage controller |
SMEE_Rectifier | Test example: ElectricalExcitedSynchronousMachine with rectifier |
SMPM_Braking | Test example: PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine acting as brake |
SMPM_CurrentSource | Test example: PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine fed by current source |
SMPM_Inverter | Test example: PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine with inverter |
SMPM_NoLoad | SMPM at no-load |
SMPM_ResistiveBraking | PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine braking with a resistor |
SMPM_VoltageSource | Test example: PermanentMagnetSynchronousMachine fed by FOC |
SMR_DOL | Test example: SynchronousMachineReluctanceRotor direct-on-line |
SMR_Inverter | Test example: SynchronousMachineReluctanceRotor with inverter |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMR_DOL
Test example: Synchronous machine with reluctance rotor direct on line
A synchronous machine with reluctance rotor starts direct on line, utilizing the damper cage.
After reaching synchronous speed, at time tStep a load step is applied.
Simulate for 2.5 seconds and plot (versus time):
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | VNominal | 100 | Nominal RMS voltage per phase |
Frequency | fNominal | 50 | Nominal frequency |
Frequency | f | 50 | Actual frequency |
Time | tStart1 | 0.1 | Switch-on time |
Torque | TLoad | 20 | Nominal load torque |
Time | tStep | 1.5 | Time of load torque step |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_ReluctanceRotorData | smrData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMR_Inverter
An ideal frequency inverter is modeled by using a VfController and a three-phase SignalVoltage. Frequency is raised by a ramp, causing the reluctance machine to start, and accelerating inertias. At time tStep a load step is applied.
Simulate for 1.5 seconds and plot (versus time):
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | VNominal | 100 | Nominal RMS voltage per phase |
Frequency | fNominal | 50 | Nominal frequency |
Frequency | f | 50 | Actual frequency |
Time | tRamp | 1 | Frequency ramp |
Torque | TLoad | 46 | Nominal load torque |
Time | tStep | 1.2 | Time of load torque step |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_ReluctanceRotorData | smrData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_NoLoad
Synchronous machine with permanent magnets at no-load, driven with constant nominal speed.
You may check the terminal voltage = VsOpenCircuit (shown by the length of the space phasor) and the frequency = fsNominal.
Additionally, you may check the phase shift of the stator voltages with respect to the mechanical shaft angle:
Note that the angle of the voltage space phasor is pi/2 behind the angle of the hall sensor, i.e. after a rotation of the shaft by pi/2/p the flux linkage of phase 1 is zero and the induced voltage a maximum.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_Inverter
An ideal frequency inverter is modeled by using a VfController and a three-phase SignalVoltage. Frequency is raised by a ramp, causing the permanent magnet synchronous machine to start, and accelerating inertias. At time tStep a load step is applied.
Simulate for 1.5 seconds and plot (versus time):
Default machine parameters are used.
In practice it is nearly impossible to drive a PMSMD without current controller.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | VNominal | 100 | Nominal RMS voltage per phase |
Frequency | fNominal | 50 | Nominal frequency |
Frequency | f | 50 | Actual frequency |
Time | tRamp | 1 | Frequency ramp |
Torque | TLoad | 181.4 | Nominal load torque |
Time | tStep | 1.2 | Time of load torque step |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_CurrentSource
A synchronous machine with permanent magnets accelerates a quadratic speed dependent load from standstill. The rms values of d- and q-current in rotor fixed coordinate system are converted to three-phase currents, and fed to the machine. The result shows that the torque is influenced by the q-current, whereas the stator voltage is influenced by the d-current.
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Current | Idq[2] | {-53.5, 84.6} | Desired d- and q-current |
AngularVelocity | wNominal | 2 * pi * smpmData.fsNominal / smpmData.p | Nominal speed |
Torque | TLoad | 181.4 | Nominal load torque |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_VoltageSource
A synchronous machine with permanent magnets accelerates a quadratic speed dependent load from standstill. The rms values of d- and q-current in rotor fixed coordinate system are controlled by the dqCurrentController, and the output voltages fed to the machine. The result shows that the torque is influenced by the q-current, whereas the stator voltage is influenced by the d-current.
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Current | Idq[2] | {-53.5, 84.6} | Desired d- and q-current |
AngularVelocity | wNominal | 2 * pi * smpmData.fsNominal / smpmData.p | Nominal speed |
Torque | TLoad | 181.4 | Nominal load torque |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_Braking
A synchronous machine with permanent magnets starts braking from nominal speed by feeding a diode bridge, which in turn feeds a braking resistor. Since induced voltage is reduced proportional to falling speed, the braking resistance is set proportional to speed to achieve constant current and torque.
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Resistance | R | 1 | Nominal braking resistance |
AngularVelocity | wNominal | 2 * pi * smpmData.fsNominal / smpmData.p | Nominal speed |
Inertia | JLoad | 0.29 | Load's moment of inertia |
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMPM_ResistiveBraking
The voltages induced by the permanent magnets of the synchronous machine is shortened over the inductance and resistance of the stator winding and the (optional) external braking resistors. The currents driven by these voltages cause a braking torque.
The external braking resistor is implemented with three stages which get shortened at different points during braking. Note that the first (smallest) stage is not shortened, which ensures a minimum damping to avoid oscillations of angular velocity around zero. The total braking resistance (sum of all stages) has to be adapted to the angular velocity at which braking starts.
Plot tauElectrical and tauShaft versus wMechanical.
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Inertia | JLoad | 4 * smpmData.Jr | Load's moment of inertia |
AngularVelocity | w0 | 2 * pi * smpmData.fsNominal / smpmData.p | Initial speed |
Real | k[3] | {1, 3, 5} | Braking resistance stages w.r.t. Rs |
Current | idq_sr[2] | Initial stator current space phasor | |
SM_PermanentMagnetData | smpmData |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMEE_DOL
An electrically excited synchronous generator is started direct on line utilizing the damper cage (and the shorted excitation winding) at 0 seconds.
At t = 0.5 seconds, the excitation voltage is raised to achieve the no-load excitation current. Note, that reactive power of the stator goes to zero.
At t = 2 second, a driving torque step is applied to the shaft (i.e. the turbine is activated). Note, that active and reactive power of the stator changes. To drive at higher torque, i.e., produce more electric power, excitation has to be adapted.
Simulate for 3 seconds and plot:
smee.tauElectricalsmee.wMechanicalsmee.ierotorDisplacementAngle.rotorDisplacementAnglecurrentQuasiRMSSensor.IelectricalPowerSensor.PelectricalPowerSensor.QmechanicalMultiSensor.powerDefault machine parameters are used.
The mains switch is closed at time = 0 in order to avoid non physical noise calculated by the rotorDisplacementAngle.
This noise is caused by the interaction of the high resistance of the switch and the machine, see
#2388.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | VNominal | 100 | Nominal RMS voltage per phase |
Frequency | fNominal | 50 | Nominal frequency |
Voltage | Ve | smeeData.Re * smeeData.IeOpenCircuit | Excitation current |
Angle | gamma0 | 0 | Initial rotor displacement angle |
SynchronousMachineData | smeeData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMEE_Generator
An electrically excited synchronous generator is connected to the grid and driven with constant speed. Since speed is slightly smaller than synchronous speed corresponding to mains frequency, rotor angle is very slowly increased. This allows to see several characteristics dependent on rotor angle.
Simulate for 30 seconds and plot (versus rotorDisplacementAngle.rotorDisplacementAngle):
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
Voltage | VNominal | 100 | Nominal RMS voltage per phase |
Frequency | fNominal | 50 | Nominal frequency |
AngularVelocity | wActual | 0.016666666666667 * (2998 * Modelica.Constants.pi) | Actual speed |
Current | Ie | 19 | Excitation current |
Current | Ie0 | 10 | Initial excitation current |
Angle | gamma0 | 0 | Initial rotor displacement angle |
SynchronousMachineData | smeeData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMEE_LoadDump
An electrically excited synchronous generator is started with a speed ramp, then driven with constant speed. Voltage is controlled, the set point depends on speed. After start-up the generator is loaded, the load is rejected.
Simulate for 10 seconds and plot:
Default machine parameters are used.
One could try to optimize the controller parameters.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
AngularVelocity | wNominal | 2 * pi * smeeData.fsNominal / smee.p | Nominal speed |
Impedance | ZNominal | 3 * smeeData.VsNominal ^ 2 / smeeData.SNominal | Nominal load impedance |
Real | powerFactor | 0.8 | Load power factor |
Resistance | RLoad | ZNominal * powerFactor | Load resistance |
Inductance | LLoad | ZNominal * sqrt(1 - powerFactor ^ 2) / (2 * pi * smeeData.fsNominal) | Load inductance |
Voltage | Ve0 | smee.IeOpenCircuit * Machines.Thermal.convertResistance(smee.Re, smee.TeRef, smee.alpha20e, smee.TeOperational) | No load excitation voltage |
Real | k | 2 * Ve0 / smeeData.VsNominal | Voltage controller: gain |
Time | Ti | 0.5 * smeeData.Td0Transient | Voltage controller: integral time constant |
SynchronousMachineData | smeeData | Synchronous machine data |
Model Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Examples.SynchronousMachines.SMEE_Rectifier
An electrically excited synchronous generator is driven with constant speed. Voltage is controlled, the set point depends on speed. The generator is loaded with a rectifier.
Default machine parameters are used.
Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).
| Type | Name | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
AngularVelocity | wNominal | 2 * pi * smeeData.fsNominal / smee.p | Nominal speed |
Voltage | VDC0 | sqrt(6) * smeeData.VsNominal | No-load DC voltage |
Resistance | RLoad | VDC0 ^ 2 / smeeData.SNominal | Load resistance |
Voltage | Ve0 | smee.IeOpenCircuit * Machines.Thermal.convertResistance(smee.Re, smee.TeRef, smee.alpha20e, smee.TeOperational) | No load excitation voltage |
Real | k | 2 * Ve0 / smeeData.VsNominal | Voltage controller: gain |
Time | Ti | 0.5 * smeeData.Td0Transient | Voltage controller: integral time constant |
SynchronousMachineData | smeeData |