StateSelection

Description

Only a few components of the Translational library use the der(..) operator and are therefore candidates to have states. Most important, component Mass defines the absolute position and the absolute velocity of this component as candidate for states. In the "Advanced" menu the built-in StateSelect enumeration can be set to define the priority to use these variables as states. Without further action, in most cases a tool will select these variables as states.

For positioning drive trains where the goal is to position a load, the absolute positions of the components are bounded, and the issue discussed below is not present.

For drive trains where the goal is to control the velocity of a load, the absolute positions of the components are quickly increasing during operation. This is critical, because then the step size control of time integrators might then no longer work appropriately:

Integrators with step size control adjust their time step size automatically to meet user defined error bounds ("tolerances"). Typically the local error estimate EST_i is compared with a mixed bound for absolute and relative errors.

   EST_i ≤ abstol_i + reltol_i*|x_i|

Here, abstol_i and reltol_i denote the bounds for the absolute and relative error of state variable x_i, respectively. This mixed error bound is used since it is more robust than a pure relative error based error bound if the nominal value x_i is (very) close to 0. In a Modelica simulation model, typically the same relative tolerance reltol is used for all states and the absolute tolerances are computed using the relative tolerance and the nominal values of the states:

   reltol_i = reltol
   abstol_i = reltol*x_i(nominal)*0.01

This error control fails if the state variable x_i grows without bounds (such as for a drive train), since then the allowed error also grows without bounds. The effect is that the error control on this variable is practically switched off. The correct way to handle this would be to set reltol_i = 0 on such a state variable and only use an absolute tolerance for the step size control.

Currently, in Modelica there is no possibility to provide this information. In order to reduce this effect, it is advisable to not use absolute angles, but relative angles as states. A user can define relative variables as states explicitly with component RelativeStates. Furthermore, all compliant components, such as SpringDamper are defining the relative position and the relative velocity as preferred states. Therefore, a tool will select in most cases relative positions as states.

The relative positions of compliant components are usually small. Without further action, the error control would not work properly on variables that are so small (so often switching the error control off). The remedy is to define explicitly a nominal value on the relative angle. This definition is provided in the "Advanced" menu of the compliant components with parameter "s_nominal". The default value is 1e-4 m, to be in the order of a compliant deformation of a drive.